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Table 4 The classification of the analysed factors based on the factor domain and study sample

From: A systematic review of the factors associated with the course of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescence

Author (year) Study sample Child characteristics Interpersonal factors Parental psychopathology Parenting factors Covariates
Barnow et al. (2013) [19] Greifswald family studya Maternal BPD symptoms,maternal depression Sex, age, BPD features in offspringsat T0
Bornovalova et al. (2018) [20] Minnesota twin family studya Alcohol use disorder, druguse disorder, major depressivedisorder NR
Ehrenreich, Beron & Underwood(2016) [22] Communitya Social and physical aggression Baseline ratings of rule-breaking,internalizing symptoms; borderlinefeatures and narcissism at Grade 7
Haltigan & Vaillancourt (2016) [25] McMaster teen studya Temperament, somatization,ADHD symptoms, anxiety,depression, general academicfunctioning Peer victimization,relational aggression Sex, mental health, peer relations,intra-individual risks
Sharp et al. (2020) [27] Adolescent dating violencestudya Lifetime mental health treatment Parent-child relationshipquality Exposure to intimatepartner violence Sex, minority status, familycomposition/living situation, mentalhealth treatment history, parenteducation, relationship qualitywith each parent
Vanwoerden, Leavitt, Gallagher &Temple (2019) [31] Adolescent dating violencestudya Psychological violence,sexual violence, physicalviolence, relational violence Sex, SES, relationship quality witheach parent
Dixon-Gordon et al. (2016) [21] Pittsburgh girls studya Negative affect Maternal problemsolving, maternalsupport/validation Minority race, family poverty
Hallquist, Hipwell & Stepp (2015) [24] Pittsburgh girls studya Negative emotionality, harshpunishment, self-control Previous ratings of harsh punishment,self-control, negative emotionality
Lazarus et al. (2019) [26] Pittsburgh girls studya Perceived support,antagonism, physicalaggression, verbalaggression Minority race, family poverty, pubertaldevelopment
Stepp, Keenan, Hipwell & Krueger(2014) [28] Pittsburgh girls studya Negative emotionality, highactivity, low sociability, lowshyness Minority race, family poverty
Stepp et al. (2014) [6] Pittsburgh girls studya Impulsivity, negative affectivity,ODD/CD severity Parental depressionseverity Harsh punishment,low warmth Minority race, family poverty
Stepp & Lazarus (2017) [29] Pittsburgh girls studya Emotionality, inattention,hyperactivity/impulsivity, depression Minority race, family poverty
Greenfield et al. (2015) [23] (In) Outpatient, previouslysuicidal adolescentsb Age of suicidal behavior, depression,conduct disorder, alcohol use, druguse, overall severity of disturbance,stressful life events, emergency roomvisits, hospitalizations Sex, age
Strandholm et al. (2017) [30] Outpatient with depressivemood disorders, Adolescentdepression studyb Depression severity, comorbidity Social support fromfamily and friends Sex, age, SSRI medication, number ofclinical appointments during thefollow-up
  1. a community sample; b clinical sample;
  2. NR not reported
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